Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare, rapid-onset condition in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. This often leads to muscle weakness and a tingling sensation in the extremities, typically starting in the feet. Symptoms can worsen over hours to weeks, sometimes progressing to full-body paralysis.
While GBS is not a chronic illness, it is a medical emergency that requires hospitalization. Most people recover completely, but severe cases can be life-threatening. Some individuals may experience long-term issues with muscle weakness and fatigue.
Symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
Guillain-Barre syndrome usually begins with tingling and muscle weakness in the feet and legs, gradually spreading to the upper body. In some cases, symptoms start in the hands or face. The weakness can intensify, sometimes leading to paralysis in affected areas. Many individuals also experience muscle pain, which tends to worsen at night, along with difficulty breathing if the condition progresses to the respiratory muscles. Vision problems, such as double vision or trouble moving the eyes, may also occur.
Because symptoms can escalate quickly, Guillain-Barre syndrome is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospital treatment. If you notice a pins-and-needles sensation in your hands or feet that moves upward toward your torso, seek medical attention right away.
What causes Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
The exact cause of GBS is unknown, but it is often triggered by infections or other stressors on the immune system. COVID-19, hepatitis or the flu virus are a few examples of infections that have triggered Guillain-Barre. However, other severe stressors on the body, such as surgery or traumatic injury, may also trigger an episode.
How is Guillain-Barre Syndrome diagnosed?
Diagnosing GBS requires a combination of clinical evaluation, symptom history and specialized tests. Your doctor may recommend:
- Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
A test where a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid is collected to check for elevated protein levels, which may indicate GBS. - Nerve conduction studies (NCS)
A test that measures how well electrical signals travel through the nerves, helping identify nerve damage. - Electromyography (EMG)
A procedure that evaluates muscle and nerve function to detect abnormalities caused by GBS. - Blood tests
Lab tests to rule out infections or other neurological conditions.
How is Guillain-Barre Syndrome treated?
Treatment for Guillain-Barre focuses on reducing recovery time and the severity of symptoms. There is no cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome, but medical treatment is essential to support a safe, full and speedy recovery. Treatment options include:
- Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange)
A procedure where harmful antibodies are removed from the blood to stop the immune attack on nerves. - Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy
A treatment that delivers concentrated antibodies to help regulate immune system activity. - Physical therapy
Rehabilitation focused on regaining muscle strength, improving mobility and preventing complications. - Pain management
Medications to relieve muscle pain and discomfort during recovery.
Recovery from GBS is a long-term process. Around 80% of adults can walk without mobility aids at around 6 months after diagnosis. A complete recovery of strength and mobility can take as long as 3 years.
Choose NGPG for Guillain-Barre Syndrome Care
NGPG Neurology provides expert care for Guillain-Barre syndrome through a collaborative approach between board-certified neurologists, neurosurgeons and neurointerventional specialists. We collaborate with Northeast Georgia Medical Center to offer state-of-the-art diagnostics and treatment in both outpatient and hospital settings. Our goal is to provide compassionate, high-quality care to ensure the best possible recovery.